Free Ebook In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
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In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
Free Ebook In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 8 hours and 31 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Audible Studios
Audible.com Release Date: May 1, 2018
Whispersync for Voice: Ready
Language: English, English
ASIN: B07CB26YB5
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
Gilligan has found that men and women use fundamentally different approaches when it comes to morality, and since men have dominated the discussion of moral theory, women's perspective is often considered to be undeveloped and unsophisticated. She summarizes the male vs. female approach to morality by saying that male morality has a “justice orientation,†and that female morality has a “responsibility orientation.†She outlines 3 stages in moral development: a selfish stage, a belief in conventional morality, and a post-conventional stage. This illustrates a progression from selfish, to social, to principled morality. The first stage is a woman’s orientation towards individual survival, where the self is the sole object of concern. At the second stage, the main concern is that goodness is equated with self-sacrifice. This level is where a woman adopts societal values and social membership. The third stage is the transition from goodness to truth. The needs of the self must be deliberately uncovered, and as they are uncovered, the woman begins to consider the consequences of these needs on the self and the social environment in which the self lives.I can see how this theory would be useful in terms of gender equality some decades ago, because it acknowledges that moral development is different for women than it is for men. There is an association between moral orientation and gender; women focus on care dilemmas and men focus on justice dilemmas. Sensitivity to others leads women to "`include in their judgment other points of view." The psychology of women is described as distinctive in its orientation toward relationships, which implies that women have different priorities than men. Therefore, judging the moral development of women on theories that were developed by observing men, fail to recognize those instances when women prioritize interpersonal connectedness, care, sensitivity, and responsibility to people. When these priorities are stacked up against the male tendency to organize social relationships in a hierarchical order and subscribe to a morality of rights, women are often found lacking, instead of simply different.However, there are many downsides to this theory in current political environment. Linking women with caring can, and has, promoted the view that women are actually in charge of caring. In certain instances, it has even been linked to the idea that women should care no matter the cost to themselves. It has made an expectancy of the “emotional work†that women do in their homes, communities, and work places. Worse, it has assumed that this “emotional work†is something that comes naturally to women, when it is something that, arguably, needs to be learned, and is not present in all women just by nature of their gender or biology. As much as Gilligan condemns the work of Freud and Erikson by their focus on males instead of humans in general, the participants of her research are limited to mostly white, middle class children and adults. She may take the qualities that have been, in the past, recognized as female weaknesses, and present them as human strengths, but her theory still seems to follows the stereotype of women as nurturing and men as logical. While I found the book fascinating, I still hold that men and women are more similar than different in their personalities, and that the most obvious differences are due to culture, and how each sex is socialized in childhood, rather than any biological propensity for justice, care, or responsibility for other people.
Gilligan's seminal work is a must read for insight into feminist theory. Unfortunately, the negative review I read regarding the criticism that the book is male-bashing is disingenuous. What Gilligan's argument suggests is that women speak in a different voice than men because of cultural and societal influences and expectations. She does posit that masculine characteristics have been detrimental to many aspects of human connectedness and relationships.
I didn't think I would learn anything new but it was revelationary. My definition of logic completely changed after this. It's beautifully written and calls for a combination of both masculine and feminine approaches to justice and judgment. A classic!
Gilligan's book is now dated in some ways, even with her added "letter to the reader". However it was ground-shaking when it was published and it remains an important book describing psychological and ethical issues that remain salient in our culture decades later. Many of these issues directly affect women, young or old, but many also affect men, and men and women in relationship.I have used this book over the course of a couple of decades in teaching both social psychology and ethics, for it continues to have a strong dual relevance. Questions regarding the differential psychology of men and women remain unanswered for the most part, often unspoken, as men assume their route to and definition of psychological maturity and health apply equally to women, and women tacitly and too often unconsciously let men speak for them. In ethics, what is here called the "ethic of care" has gradually become more prominent in the writing of feminist ethicists, but it has older roots, including the teaching and writing of H. Richard Niebuhr and, probably, the true ethics behind the Christian gospel. Nevertheless this school of ethics continues to be adumbrated by Aristotelian and Kantian models, both valid in their own spheres, and Gilligan's exposition remains one of the important modern anchors of this alternative perspective.Too many women today remain subordinated in a culturally male-dominated perspective when it comes to their own self-assessment and self-understanding. Too many men similarly remain captured by their own individualistic, emotionally-suppressed, and justice-oriented (cf. Kohlberg, Gilligan's teacher) stereotypes, all of which inhibit emotional, relational, and ethical potential. And, of course, such culturally-imposed blinders, worn by professionals as well as lay people, have impacts that are social and political in addition to individual.For all these reasons, and despite previously-published criticism of her psychological research as well as her ethical discussion, men as well as women should continue to read this book and to discuss it among themselves.
This book is a classic, of which, in my elderly ignorance I was unaware. Carol Gilligan was the first female philosopher to be taken seriously, the first to introduce the possibility that women are as valuable as men, albeit different, the first in a series of writers to examine a new ethic - Care Ethics. A must read!!
This is a brilliant psychological philosophy presented by an insightful modern mind. Delightfully accessible reading. First published in 1982, every word is still relevant today.
This was an excellent Direct source for Gillgan during my bachelors comps. This is a moral theory I recommend for anyone to read.
Very interesting book.
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